Francis Cullen

While continuing my academic journey, I sought connections with scholars who wrote extensively about rehabilitation. Although I was working toward a master’s degree at Hofstra University, the nature of confinement required a self-directed approach to learning. I immersed myself in books and journal articles by experts on prison systems and reform. Having already built relationships with Norval Morris and John DiIulio through unsolicited letters, I gained confidence that I could connect with other influential figures.

These efforts led me to Professor Francis Cullen, a distinguished scholar from the University of Cincinnati who authored numerous books and scholarly articles on rehabilitation. His writings offered a vision of hope and reform that was absent in the federal prison system. At the time, there were no opportunities for parole, work release, or mechanisms to earn higher levels of liberty through merit. Professor Cullen’s research inspired me to believe that change was possible.

I wrote to Professor Cullen, introducing myself and expressing how his work influenced my thinking. In response, he began sending me copies of his research and writings. His generosity allowed me to deepen my understanding of rehabilitation and apply those insights to the work I completed at Hofstra. His research provided a critical foundation for my academic projects and helped me refine my perspectives on systemic reform. Some of his notable works on rehabilitation include:

• “Reaffirming Rehabilitation” (with Karen E. Gilbert): This groundbreaking book analyzes the rehabilitative ideal within the American correctional system and discusses its relationship to and conflict with political ideologies. It played a significant role in challenging the “nothing works” doctrine that had led to the abandonment of rehabilitation efforts in corrections.
• “The Effectiveness of Correctional Rehabilitation: A Review of Systematic Reviews” (with Mark W. Lipsey): Published in the Annual Review of Law and Social Science, this article reviews systematic studies on correctional interventions, providing evidence that well-implemented programs can substantially reduce recidivism.

Beyond sharing his academic contributions, Professor Cullen’s willingness to engage with me on a personal level was transformative. He shared stories about his own life, making me feel connected to the broader society despite my confinement. Those kinds of relationships contributed significantly to my growing confidence and reinforced my belief in the importance of mentorship and human connection.

Professor Cullen’s mentorship exemplified the power of education and the value of reaching out to those who inspire us. His influence, like that of other mentors, shaped my path and continues to inspire the mission of Prison Professors to advocate for opportunities and reforms that foster rehabilitation and growth.

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